World Diabetes Day is observed on 14 November. One of the most useful tests for diabetes is HbA1c, also called glycated haemoglobin. Here is what it means and how to read the result.
What HbA1c measures
Sugar in the blood sticks to haemoglobin in red blood cells. Since red blood cells live for about three months, the HbA1c test shows your average blood sugar over roughly the past two to three months. Unlike a fasting sugar test, it does not change much with one meal.
Common ranges
These are widely used cut offs, including by the American Diabetes Association and the WHO:
- Below 5.7 percent: normal.
- 5.7 to 6.4 percent: prediabetes, a warning stage.
- 6.5 percent or more: diabetes, usually confirmed with a repeat test.
For many people already living with diabetes, doctors aim for an HbA1c below 7 percent, but the target is set individually.
India’s diabetes burden
The ICMR-INDIAB study, published in The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology in 2023, estimated that about 101 million people in India have diabetes and about 136 million have prediabetes. Dr V Mohan, chairman of Dr Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre in Chennai and a lead author of the study, has stressed the importance of early screening because many people do not know they have the condition.
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Who should get tested
- Adults over 30, as advised under India’s national screening programme for non communicable diseases.
- People with a family history of diabetes.
- People who are overweight or physically inactive.
- Women who had diabetes during pregnancy.
- Anyone with symptoms such as excess thirst, frequent urination or slow healing wounds.
How often
People with diabetes are usually advised to test every three to six months. Those with normal results can follow their doctor’s advice on yearly checks.
Limits of the test
HbA1c may be less reliable in anaemia, some blood disorders, kidney disease and pregnancy. Doctors may then use other tests.
Steps to lower blood sugar
- Eat more vegetables, pulses and whole grains, and less sugar and refined flour.
- Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate activity a week.
- Keep a healthy weight and sleep well.
- Take medicines exactly as prescribed.
Bottom line
HbA1c gives a clear picture of long term sugar control. Know your number and act early.
Disclaimer: This article is for general information only and is not a substitute for medical advice. Consult a qualified doctor before starting any treatment or if you have symptoms.
Source / स्रोत: Indian Council of Medical Research, National Health Mission, NP-NCD, World Health Organization, Diabetes
